Taking Advantage Of The Opportunity To Raise Beef Cattle Breeding

Taking Advantage Of The Opportunity To Raise Beef Cattle Breeding

Beef is a source of animal protein whose needs continue to increase every year. The increase in demand is influenced by the increasing welfare of the population, awareness of the nutritional needs of the community, as well as the increasing demand for meat for the meat processing industry. The prediction of the level of beef demand in Indonesia in 2018 is still likely to be very high, namely 663,290 tons. While Indonesian cattle farms are still unable to meet these needs. Local beef production this year amounted to 403,668 tons. Thus, the need for beef in Indonesia has only been met by 60.9% (Director General of Animal Husbandry and Animal Health, 2018). Aside from being a source of animal protein, beef cattle are also useful as savings that can be sold at any time and the by-products can be used for fertilizer. Cattle raising can also utilize the remnants of agricultural products as cow feed. By looking at these conditions, the opportunity to pursue the beef cattle business is quite large.

Types Of Beef Cattle Business

The purpose of beef cattle rearing by smallholder farms is for breeding (reproduction) and fattening (Prasetyo, 1994). The breeding business is the maintenance of cows to produce calves/ going while the fattening business is the maintenance of livestock to increase daily weight gain within a certain period of time which produces ready-to-cut livestock with good quality. Most of the beef cattle farming business in Indonesia is fattening. To start a beef cattle business fattening farmers need cattle going. What is meant by going cattle is 1-2 years old cattle for production purposes. However, for the fattening business, the type of meat that is needed is male in accordance with government regulations that the requirements for the fattening business are male while productive females should not be cut.

The main source of beef cattle for fattening business is from the results of beef cattle breeding activities in the country by small farmers, while the production of beef cattle is strongly influenced by the problems and prospects of the breeding business itself. The scale of the business of breeding breeders in Indonesia is on average small farmers (1-5 heads) with simple cultivation technology. Breeding business development in the country is necessary. The higher the availability of beef cattle, the agribusiness of beef cattle farming will grow rapidly. The high demand for seedlings is a great opportunity for the development of beef cattle breeding agribusiness.

Cow Slaughter Breeding Business Opportunities

Beef cattle breeding is the main source of beef suppliers for beef cattle fattening business in Indonesia. In addition, imported cattle from Australia is also an important source of feed cattle for fattening businesses, although its role is still relatively small (Hadi et al., 1999a). The main source of beef for national consumption is still dependent on the breeding business in the country in the form of smallholder farms.

The stagnation of domestic cattle productivity is caused by the lack of business actors in the breeding sector. Cattle breeding business is still considered not promising profits because it is considered a business with long results. Until now, beef cattle breeding business has not been handled properly because most are more interested in the fattening business. In fact, beef cattle breeding business is very prospective because it will not be possible beef cattle business can run without the availability of seeds / going. Thus, the need for beef cattle will always be there. Actually, when compared between the fattening and breeding businesses, fattening businesses provide much greater benefits but require much greater capital is also difficult to meet farmers so that the breeding business is still the business land chosen by farmers.

The need for seeds / going cows always increases every year. This is due to the increasing demand for beef so that it takes quality meat that is ready to be raised for meat. This makes livestock investment, especially cattle breeding in Indonesia will be very profitable. This is why, other countries are starting to look at Livestock Investment in Indonesia. One of them, Australia is willing to cooperate in the field of cattle breeding in eastern Indonesia.

Breeding business opportunities are also supported by the stable condition of beef prices and tend to increase from year to year which is quite significant in the local market. This is due to the increase in market demand is quite high while the supply ability is still lacking. During this time the supply of beef comes mostly from farmers or ranchers who raise local cattle and feedloter the one who feeds the cattle.

The trend of rising beef prices during this time due to rising prices of seeds or going cattle, both local and imported. Demand for cattle seeds is very high due to the absence of institutions or business entities that specifically handle breeding, so that the supply of local cattle seeds only rely on farmers or small farmers who only have less than five Breeders. During this time most of the needs going to the discovery feedloter depending on the supply of imported cattle from Australia, so every year the government regulates the number of cattle quotas that can be imported. Nurseries produced by feedloter relatively few compared to the existing demand, because the breeding business takes about two years to produce cattle feed, in contrast to the discovery that only takes four months.

For cattle breeders, the prospects for breeding cattle is quite good. This is related to the procurement of broodstock will be cheaper than bulls as fattening. As for the cost of broodstock feed needs every day is Cheaper Than the cost of feed for fattening males can even be up to half. Likewise, the results of newborn seedlings of broodstock when maintained for six months from birth seedlings that only require a little feed costs.

Factors to consider in the maintenance of Beef Cattle Breeding

In the beef cattle breeding business, cows need to be cultivated and maintained properly in order to obtain maximum results. Here are the factors to consider:

A. Seed selection

In choosing the seed of prospective Beef Cattle Breeders must be done precisely because later the seedlings will affect the productivity of the parent. Seed selection is based on the performance of children and individual seed candidates, using the following selection criteria:

1. Cow prospective mother female

• Good posture, strong and straight legs
• Udder / nipple normal, smooth, supple and no infection/ swelling
• Fluffy fur, shining eyes
• Good appetite
• Normal genitals, signs of regular lust
• Healthy, not too fat and not deformed
• Target weight body heifers age. 8-14 months is 200-300 kg2. Cow stud
• Large high posture, wide and deep chest
• Strong, straight legs and shining eyes
• Fluffy fur
• Symmetrical and normal testicles
• Aggressive
• Give a good response to the parent who was lustful
• Healthy and not deformed
• Mature age of the body (more than 2 years)
• Weight age 1 year above average, and weight gain age 2 years above average
• Good sperm quality

In addition to the selection of prospective parents based on their appearance, the selection of cattle related to the demand for fattening efforts also needs to be considered. Beef cattle in Indonesia are Bali, Madura, Peranakan Ongole, Simmental, Limousin and Brahman-Angus. The demand that is in great demand today is a quality candidate who comes from beef cattle/ broiler crosses with overseas beef cattle. This demand is based on differences Average Daily Gain (ADG) or daily weight gain of the cow. ADG will affect the selling price in the market. The higher the ADG, the higher the price of cattle because the weight will be greater. Sapi Peranakan Simmental, dan Limousine mempunyai ADG masing-masing 1,18 kg dan 0,90 kg (Subiharta et al.,2000). Based on genetic potential, Simmental cows have a very high ADG, which is 1.60 kg (Sugeng, 1998), while PO cows only have ADG 0.40 kg (Subiharta et al., 2000). The selection of Simmental Peranakan cattle breed by farmers is considered appropriate because the cow is a broiler type with a very high ADG, its life weight reaches 1.15 tons, and the quality of the meat meets international standards with low fat content (Sugeng, 1998). The results showed that the ADG of calves crossed between Brahman and PO was higher than that of calves crossed by pure PO, respectively 0.47 kg and 0.44 kg (Wiguna et al., 1982). The profit that can be obtained from the fattening business of cattle will be the result of the crossing is greater than the result of pure po marriage (Subiharta et al., 2000)

B. Feeding

Provide quality feed especially for heifers / prospective parents. A good feed contains 16-18% crude protein. Feeding with intensive/ semi-intensive system maintenance, that is, cows are stabled every day with an average feed of 10% of body weight and additional feed of 1-2% of body weight. Additional feed can be in the form of fine Bran, Bran, coconut cake, cassava, tofu pulp given by mixing in the grass, but it can also be added minerals. Feeding can be carried out 2-3 times a day, according to the needs of the livestock. Drinking water should always be available in the cage every day in a fresh state, especially for nursing mothers. Drinking water should be changed daily. Cow feeding for calves up to 3 months of age is 1.5 kg (0.75 kg of concentrate; 0.75 kg of grass).

C. Reproduction management

The goal of Reproductive Management is to produce a high crop of calves/ calves and good quality calves. Steps in the implementation of Reproductive Management include the detection of lust, proper determination of mating time, pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding and weaning.

1. Lust detection

• Swollen external genitals, if opened Red, wet, and warm
• The tail is moved while being lifted
• On the other side of the fence-shut up
• Restlessness and decreased appetite
• Sometimes white discharge from the vulva
• Distance between lust 18 – 24 days (average 21 days)
• The appearance of lust again after lambing is 3 months (2-7 months)2. Mating timein an effort to obtain seeds that match the standards, mating techniques can be done by natural mating or artificial insemination (IB). Marriage with IB using frozen semen according to the Indonesian national standard (SNI) or liquid semen from males that have been tested for quality and are declared free from infectious animal diseases. Through IB, the distribution of superior cattle breeds can be done cheaply, easily and quickly, and makes it easier for farmers to obtain high genetic quality cattle breeds. Cattle mating system with IB is one of the strategies that need to be done to realize the achievement of meat Self-Sufficiency program.Cattle–heifers can be mated for the first time after cow he is 15 months old and his body size is quite large with a body weight of about 270 kg. The important thing to know in doing mating is to recognize the cycle of lust in the female cow in order to perform mating on time. The right time to perform mating is 6-12 hours after the visible signs of lust. Thus, it will not waste time on failure in mating. The lust period of the heifer is quite short, which is 15-18 hours. For example, if lust appears in the morning, then the cow should be mated on that very day, if it is postponed until the next day it will be too late. If lust appears in the afternoon, it must be mated in the morning of the next day no later than 11.00.

3. Pregnancy

Signs of a pregnant cow include:

• Cows have not asked to mate since mating
• Cows are calmer
• Nipples and udder begin to enlarge
• Eat more and gain weightwhen the cow begins to show signs of pregnancy, it is necessary to have a blind check by trained personnel (orderlies/ veterinarians). To determine the development of the fetus / fetus also needs to be checked regularly, especially before birth to determine the condition and position of the fetus in the womb of the mother is normal or not. This is related to the preparation for birth whether special treatment is needed or not.4. The preparation that the breeder needs to do before birth is:
• Cage cleaned
• The floor of the cage is padded or lined with dry straw
• The place of calving is separated with other cows
• Antiseptic preparation to apply to the remaining piece of umbilical cordsigns that the cow will give birth to include:
• Big and plump udders, nipples fully filled
• Sagging hips
• Swollen, red, moist genitals
• Restless cow
• The birth process begins with the discharge from the vulva, the discharge of the placental bag, then the discharge of the fetus and the mother begin to lick the born child

To deal with newborn calves, what the breeder can do is

• Mucus that sticks to the nose, mouth and body is cleaned as soon as possible
• The umbilical cord is cut approximately 10 cm and the scar is smeared with an antiseptic to prevent infection
• The mother's udder is cleaned with warm water so that when the calf suckles the udder is clean and not contaminated with bacteria
• Calves can drink colostrum milk (mother's milk that has just given birth to the age of one week) to get immunity (Ngadiono , 2012)D. Health managementdiseases are very detrimental in the business of raising beef cattle. Therefore, disease prevention and control efforts are needed so that cows are kept healthy.
• Cows that have just been purchased as prospective mothers, after arriving at the stall, give drinking water mixed with sugar or electrolytes to reduce travel stress. Then it is also necessary to give additional vitamin supplements plus adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to increase energy, overcome muscle disorders and repair muscle tissue before and after transportation, and improve the condition and endurance of cattle. One of the products that can be used is Bioselvita.

• Give anthelmintics (worm medicine) periodically every 3-4 months to eradicate worms that have previously been in the cow's body. Some of the Medion worm medicine products that can be used to eradicate worms are Wormzol-B, Vermizyn SBK, Wormectin Inj.
• Giving vitamins is important to maintain the health condition of cows and increase productivity, such as ADE-Plex Inj, Vitesel Inj. Take supplements such as Mineral Feed Supplement S to help increase appetite and provide micronutrient needs for cows.
• Do the cleaning of the cage and equipment every day and bathe the cow to remove dirt, mud, and urine to maintain skin health. Marketing Managementin the breeding business, a marketing strategy is needed, especially with regard to the quality of the parents and calves produced. Marketing includes market identification and segmentation, pricing and payment. The main product produced from beef cattle breeders is beef cattle. Cattle sales can be through the animal market or directly to consumers. For cattle, the price determination depends on the shape, condition, performance, nation and genetic quality. However, the price of cattle also depends on the situation and market conditions, consumer needs, and farmers. The payment of cows in marketing is also noteworthy. Try to pay in cash and do not rely on trust. Experience in the field shows that more business bankruptcies are caused by unpaid cattle by buyers.

In raising beef cattle breeding, no less important thing to do is recording. Recording is useful to know the benefits obtained as a basis for Business Development Planning and as a source of data for the purposes of livestock selection breeding business. The records include identity & genealogy, marriage (date, male / semen code, IB / natural mating, parent), parent childbirth (date, single/ twin, normal/dystokia), calf birth (date, single/twin, birth weight, gender, parent, male / semen code, gumba height, body length), weaning, treatment history.

One of the obstacles that farmers often experience in starting beef cattle breeding is a relatively small profit margin. This can be dealt with by maintaining a group system that aims to increase business scale, reduce production costs and increase profits.

Currently, the group cage system has been done a lot. In addition to being profitable, this system is considered more efficient because of the larger scale of maintenance without having to spend large capital. With this system breeders easier to run maintenance management.

Breeders feel a lot of advantages with the group cage system, such as labor efficiency, comfort and health of livestock is more awake, more controlled maintenance system so as to increase the pregnancy rate and the growth rate of calf weight and as well as easier in marketing. The location of the group's cage away from settlements is also felt as an advantage because it will reduce environmental pollution. This system is considered beneficial to farmers and semankin raise the spirit to increase the scale of business or develop the breeding business.

Beef cattle breeding business has the potential to be developed due to demand and market needs that continue to increase and the breeding business will run well if you consider the factors in the maintenance of the nursery. Salam